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A slash indicates the pronunciation at the beginning juxtaposed with its pronunciation at the end of a syllable. The table below shows the Lao consonant, its name, its pronunciation according to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), as well as various romanization schemes, such as the French-based systems in use by both the US Board of Geographic Names and the British Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (BGN/PCGN), the English-based system in use by the US Library of Congress (LC), Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS) used in Thailand, and finally its Unicode name. It is generally used as the first consonant of a syllable, or to follow a leading consonant, rarely as a final consonant. The letter ຣ can also be found in Unit 14 (ບົດທີ 14 ຮ ຫ ຣ) of a textbook published by the government. However, as the Lao vocabulary began to incorporate more foreign names (such as Europe, Australia, and America) it filled a need and is now taught in schools. A comprehensive dictionary published by a high-ranking official in the Ministry of Information and Culture did not include it.
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A 1999 dictionary does not include it when listing the full alphabet but does use it to spell many country names. It was dropped as part of a language reform because most speakers pronounced it as "l", and had an ambiguous status for several decades. The letter ຣ (r) is a relatively new re-addition to the Lao alphabet. The letter ອ is a special null consonant used as a mandatory anchor for vowels, which cannot stand alone, and also to serve as a vowel in its own right. Each letter has an acrophonical name that either begins with or features the letter prominently, and is used to teach the letter and serves to distinguish them from other, homophonous consonants. Aside from tone, there are twenty-one distinct consonant sounds that occur in the Lao language. The twenty-seven consonants of the Lao alphabet are divided into three tone classes-high (ສູງ ), middle (ກາງ ), and low (ຕ່ຳ )-which determine the tonal pronunciation of the word in conjunction with the four tone marks and distinctions between short and long vowels.
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Lao script on a sign at Wat That Luang, Vientiane. The letters have no majuscule or minuscule (upper- and lowercase) differentiation. Spaces for separating words and punctuation were traditionally not used, but space is used and functions in place of a comma or period. Vowels can be written above, below, in front of, or behind consonants, with some vowel combinations written before, over, and after. However, Lao has fewer characters and is formed in a more curvilinear fashion than Thai. Akson Lao is a sister system to the Thai script, with which it shares many similarities and roots. The Lao alphabet was adapted from the Khmer script, which itself was derived from the Pallava script, a variant of the Grantha script descended from the Brāhmī script, which was used in southern India and South East Asia during the 5th and 6th centuries AD.
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Its earlier form, the Tai Noi script, was also used to write the Isan language, but was replaced by the Thai script. Lao script or Akson Lao (Lao: ອັກສອນລາວ ) is the primary script used to write the Lao language and other minority languages in Laos.